Non-linear Static Push-over Analysis
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing
and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on
seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components.
The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be
based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will
provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover
predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Necessity of Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis (NLSA)
The existing building can become seismically deficient since seismic design code requirements are
constantly upgraded and advancement in engineering knowledge. Further, Indian buildings built over
past two decades are seismically deficient because of lack of awareness regarding seismic behaviour of
structures. The widespread damage especially to RC buildings during earthquakes exposed the
construction practices being adopted around the world, and generated a great demand for seismic
evaluation and retrofitting of existing building stocks.
What is Non-linear Static Push-over Analysis?
The pushover analysis of a structure is a static non-linear analysis under permanent vertical loads
and gradually increasing lateral loads. The equivalent static lateral loads approximately represent
earthquake induced forces. A plot of the total base shear versus top displacement in a structure is
obtained by this analysis that would indicate any premature failure or weakness. The analysis is
carried out upto failure, thus it enables determination of collapse load and ductility capacity. On
a building frame, and plastic rotation is monitored, and lateral inelastic forces versus
displacement response for the complete structure is analytically computed. This type of analysis
enables weakness in the structure to be identified. The decision to retrofit can be taken in such
studies.
The seismic design can be viewed as a two step process. The first, and usually most important
one, is the conception of an effective structural system that needs to be configured with due
regard to all important seismic performance objectives, ranging from serviceability
considerations. This step comprises the art of seismic engineering. The rules of thumb for the
strength and stiffness targets, based on fundamental knowledge of ground motion and elastic and
inelastic dynamic response characteristics, should suffice to configure and rough-size an
effective structural system.
Elaborate mathematical/physical models can only be built once a structural system has been
created. Such models are needed to evaluate seismic performance of an existing system and to
modify component behavior characteristics (strength, stiffness, deformation capacity) to better
suit the specified performance criteria.
The second step consists of the design process that involves demand/capacity evaluation at all
important capacity parameters, as well as the prediction of demands imposed by ground motions.
Suitable capacity parameters and their acceptable values, as well as suitable methods for demand
prediction will depend on the performance level to be evaluated.
The implementation of this solution requires the availability of as set of ground motion records
(each with three components) that account for the uncertainties and differences in severity,
frequency characteristics, and duration due rapture characteristics distances of the various faults
that may cause motions at the site. It requires further the capability to model adequately the
cyclic load-deformation characteristics of all important elements of the three dimensional soil
foundation structure system, and the availability of efficient tools to implement the solution
process within the time and financial constraints on an engineering problem.
Purpose of Non-linear Static Push-over Analysis?
The purpose of pushover analysis is to evaluate the expected performance of structural systems
by estimating performance of a structural system by estimating its strength and deformation
demands in design earthquakes by means of static inelastic analysis, and comparing these
demands to available capacities at the performance levels of interest. The evaluation is based on
an assessment of important performance parameters, including global drift, interstory drift,
inelastic element deformations (either absolute or normalized with respect to a yield value),
deformations between elements, and element connection forces (for elements and connections
that cannot sustain inelastic deformations), The inelastic static pushover analysis can be viewed
as a method for predicting seismic force and deformation demands, which accounts in an
approximate manner for the redistribution of internal forces that no longer can be resisted within
the elastic range of structural behavior.
The pushover is expected to provide information on many response characteristics that cannot be
obtained from an elastic static or dynamic analysis. The following are the examples of such
response characteristics:
• The realistic force demands on potentially brittle elements, such as axial force
demands on columns, force demands on brace connections, moment demands on
beam to column connections, shear force demands in deep reinforced concrete
spandrel beams, shear force demands in unreinforced masonry wall piers, etc.
• Estimates of the deformations demands for elements that have to form
inelastically in order to dissipate the energy imparted to the structure.
• Consequences of the strength deterioration of individual elements on behavior
of structural system.
• Consequences of the strength detoriation of the individual elements on the
behaviour of the structural system.
• Identification of the critical regions in which the deformation demands are
expected to be high and that have to become the focus through detailing.
• Identification of the strength discontinuities in plan elevation that will lead to
changes in the dynamic characteristics in elastic range.
• Estimates of the interstory drifts that account for strength or stiffness
discontinuities and that may be used to control the damages and to evaluate P-
Delta effects.
• Verification of the completeness and adequacy of load path, considering all the
elements of the structural system, all the connections, the stiff nonstructural
elements of significant strength, and the foundation system.
The last item is the most relevant one as the analytical model incorporates all elements, whether
structural or non structural, that contribute significantly to the lateral load distribution. Load
transfer through across the connections through the ductile elements can be checked with
realistic forces; the effects of stiff partial-height infill walls on shear forces in columns can be
evaluated; and the maximum overturning moment in walls, which is often limited by the uplift
capacity of foundation elements can be estimated.
These benefits come at the cost of the additional analysis effort, associated with incorporating all
important elements, modeling their inelastic load-deformation characteristics, and executing
incremental inelastic analysis, preferably with three dimensional analytical models.
Target Displacement
The fundamental question in the execution of the pushover analysis is the magnitude of the target
displacement at which seismic performance evaluation of the structure is to be performed. The
target displacement serves as an estimate of the global displacement of the structure is expected
to experience in a design earthquake. It is the roof displacement at the center of mass of the
structure. In the pushover analysis it is assumed that the target displacement for the MDOF
structure can be estimated as the displacement demand for the corresponding equivalent SDOF
system transformed to the SDOF domain through the use of a shape factor. This assumption,
which is always an approximation, can only be accepted within limitations and only be accepted
within limitations and only if great care is taken in incorporating in the predicted SDOF
displacement demand all the important ground motion and structural response characteristics that
significantly affect the maximum displacement of the MDOF structure. Inherent in this approach
is the assumption that the maximum MDOF displacement is controlled by a single shape factor
without regards to higher mode effects.
Under the Non-linear Static Procedure, a model directly incorporating inelastic material response
is displaced to a target displacement, and resulting internal deformations and forces are
determined. The mathematical model of the building is subjected to monotonically increasing
lateral forces or displacements until either a target displacement is exceeded, or the building
collapses. The target displacement is intended to represent the maximum displacement likely to
be experienced during the design earthquake.
Adaptabitility of computer programs
It is well known fact the distribution of mass and rigidity is one of the major considerations in
the seismic design of moderate to high rise buildings. Invariably these factors introduce coupling
effects and non-linearities in the system, hence it is imperative to use non-linear static analysis
approach by using specialized programs viz.,
SAP2000,STAADPRO2005,ETABS,IDARC,NISA-CIVIL,etc., for cost-effective seismic
evaluation and retrofitting of buildings.
Non-Linear Static Analysis for Buildings
Seismic analysis of buildings can be categorized depending upon the sophistication of
modeling adopted for the analysis. Buildings loaded beyond the elastic range can be analyzed
using Non-Linear static analysis, but in this method one would not be able to capture the
dynamic response, especially the higher mode effects. This is pushover analysis. There is no
specific code for NLSA. This procedure leads to the capacity curve which can be compared with
design spectrum/DCR of members and one can determine whether the building is safe or needs
strengthening and its extent.
The capacity of structure is represented by pushover curve. The most convenient way to
plot he load deformation curve is by tracking the bas shear and the roof displacement. The
pushover procedure can be presented in various forms can be used in a variety of forms for the
use in a variety of methodologies. As the name implies it is a process of pushing horizontally,
with a prescribed loading pattern, incrementally, until the structure reaches the limit state. There
are several types of sophistication that can be used over for pushover curve analysis.
Level-1: It is generally used for single storey building, whereat a single
concentrated horizontal force equal to base shear applied at the top of the
structure and displacement is obtained.
Level-2: In this level, lateral force in proportion to storey mass is applied at
different floor levels in accordance with IS:1893-2002 (Part-I) procedure,
and story drift is obtained.
Level-3: In this method lateral force is applied in proportion to the product of
storey masses and first mode shape elastic model of the structure. The
pushover curve is constructed to represent the first mode response of
structure based on the assumption that the fundamental mode of vibration
is the predominant response of the structure. This procedure is valid for
tall buildings with fundamental period of vibration upto 1 sec.
Level-4: This procedure is applied to soft storey buildings, wherein lateral force in
proportion to product of storey masses and first mode of shape of elastic
model of the structure, until first yielding, the forces are adjusted with the
changing the deflected shape.
Level-5: This procedure is similar to level 3 and level 4 but the effect of higher
mode of vibration in determining yielding in individual structural element
are included while plotting the pushover curve for the building in terms of
the first mode lateral forces and displacements. The higher mode effects
can be determined by doing higher mode pushover analysis. For the higher
modes, structure is pushed and pulled concurrently to maintain the mode
shape.
Case Study of Non-Linear Static Analysis using SAP 2000
The recent advent of performance based design has brought the nonlinear static pushover
analysis procedure to the forefront. Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which
the magnitude of the structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain
predefined pattern. With the increase in the magnitude of the loading, weak links and failure
modes of the structure are found. The loading is monotonic with the effects of the cyclic
behavior and load reversals being estimated by using a modified monotonic force-deformation
criteria and with damping approximations. Static pushover analysis is an attempt by the
structural engineering profession to evaluate the real strength of the structure and it promises to
be a useful and effective tool for performance based design.
The ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents have developed modeling procedures, acceptance
criteria and analysis procedures for pushover analysis. These documents define force-
deformation criteria for hinges used in pushover analysis. As shown in Figure 1, five points
labeled A, B, C, D, and E are used to define the force deflection behavior of the hinge and three
points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance criteria for the hinge. (IO, LS and
CP stand for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention respectively.) The
values assigned to each of these points vary depending on the type of member as well as many
other parameters defined in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents.
This article presents the steps used in performing a pushover analysis of a simple three-
dimensional building. SAP2000, a state-of-the-art, general-purpose, three-dimensional structural
analysis program, is used as a tool for performing the pushover. The SAP2000 static pushover
analysis capabilities, which are fully integrated into the program, allow quick and easy
implementation of the pushover procedures prescribed in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273
documents for both two and three-dimensional buildings.
Deformation
The following steps are included in the pushover analysis. Steps 1 through 4 discuss creating the
computer model, step 5 runs the analysis, and steps 6 through 10 review the pushover analysis
results.
1. Create the basic computer model (without the pushover data) in the usual manner using the
graphical interface of SAP2000 makes this a quick and easy task.
2. Define properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges as shown in Figure.
3. The program includes several built-in default hinge properties that are based on average values
from ATC-40 for concrete members and average values from FEMA-273 for steel members.
These built in properties can be useful for preliminary analyses, but user-defined properties are
recommended for final analyses. This example uses default properties.
4. Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and
assigning them one or more hinge properties and hinge locations.
5. Define the pushover load cases. In SAP2000 more than one pushover load case can be run in
the same analysis. Also a pushover load case can start from the final conditions of another
pushover load case that was previously run in the same analysis.
Typically the first pushover load case is used to apply gravity load and then subsequent lateral
pushover load cases are specified to start from the final conditions of the gravity pushover.
Pushover load cases can be force controlled, that is, pushed to a certain defined force level, or
they can be displacement controlled, that is, pushed to a specified displacement.
Typically a gravity load pushover is force controlled and lateral pushovers are displacement
controlled. SAP2000 allows the distribution of lateral force used in the pushover to be based on a
uniform acceleration in a specified direction, a specified mode shape, or a user-defined static
load case. Here how the displacement controlled lateral pushover case that is based on a user-
defined static lateral load pattern named PUSH is defined for this example.
6. Run the basic static analysis and, if desired, dynamic analysis. Then run the static nonlinear
pushover analysis.
7. Display the pushover curve . The File menu shown in this display window allows you to view
and if desired, print to either a printer or an ASCII file, a table which gives the coordinates of
each step of the pushover curve and summarizes the number of hinges in each state as defined in
Figure 1 (for example, between IO and LS, or between D and E).
8. Display the capacity spectrum curve. Note that you can interactively modify the magnitude of
the earthquake and the damping information on this form and immediately see the new capacity
spectrum plot. The performance point for a given set of values is defined by the intersection of
the capacity curve (green) and the single demand spectrum curve (yellow). Also, the file menu in
this display allows you to print the coordinates of the capacity curve and the demand curve as
well as other information used to convert the pushover curve to Acceleration-Displacement
Response Spectrum format.
9. Review the pushover displaced shape and sequence of hinge formation on a step-by-step basis
. The arrows in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen allow you to move through the
pushover step-by- step. Hinges appear when they yield and are color coded based on their state
(see legend at bottom of screen).
10. Review member forces on a step-by-step basis . Often it is useful to view the model in two
side-by-side windows with the step-by-step displaced shape in one window and the step-by-step
member forces in the other. These windows can be synchronized to the same step, and can thus
greatly enhance the understanding of the pushover
results.
11. Output for the pushover analysis can be printed in a tabular form for the entire model or for
selected elements of the model. The types of output available in this form include joint
displacements at each step of the pushover, frame member forces at each step of the pushover,
and hinge force, displacement and state at each step of the pushover.
For buildings that are being rehabilitated it is easy to investigate the effect of different
strengthening schemes. The effect of added damping can be immediately seen on the capacity
spectrum form. You can easily stiffen or strengthen the building by changing member properties
and rerunning the analysis. Finally you can easily change the assumed detailing of the building
by modifying the hinge acceptance criteria and rerunning the analysis.
Limitations of Non-Linear Static Analysis
There are many unsolved issues that need to be addressed through more research and
development. Examples of the important issues that need to be investigated are:
1. Incorporation of torsional effects (due to mass, stiffness and strength irregularities).
2. 3-D problems (orthogonality effects, direction of loading, semi-rigid diaphragms, etc)
3. Use of site specific spectra.
4. Cumulative damage issues.
5. Most importantly, the consideration of higher mode effects once a local mechanism has
formed.
Since the pushover analysis is approximate in nature and is based on static loading, as such it
cannot represent dynamic phenomena with a large degree of accuracy. It may not detect some
important deformation modes that occur in a structure subjected to severe earthquakes, and it
may significantly from predictions based on invariant or adaptive static load patterns,
particularly if higher mode effects become important.
Conclusion & References
From the study of above model example discussed following conclusions can be obtained:
1. There are good reasons for advocating the use of the inelastic pushover analysis for
demand prediction, since in many cases it will provide much more relevant information
that an elastic static or even dynamic analysis, but it would be counterproductive to
advocate this method as a general solution technique for all cases;
2. The pushover analysis is a useful, but not in fallible, tool for accessing inelastic strength
and deformation demands and for exposing design weaknesses.
3. Its foremost advantage is that it encourages the design engineer to recognize important
seismic response quantities and to use sound judgment concerning the force and
deformation demands and capacities that control the seismic response close to failure, but
it needs to be recognized that in some cases it may be provide a false feeling of security if
its shortcomings and pitfalls are not recognized.
4. It must be emphasized that the pushover analysis is approximate in nature and is based on
static loading. As such it cannot represent dynamic phenomena with a large degree of
accuracy. It may not detect some important deformation modes that may occur in a
structure subjected to severe earthquakes, and it may exaggerate others. Inelastic dynamic
response may differ significantly from predictions based on invariant or adaptive static
load patterns, particularly if higher mode effects become important.
5. Thus performance of pushover analysis primarily depends upon choice of material
models included in the study.
REFERENCES
1. Engineering structures journal, Vol. 20,1998 :- Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of
seismic performance evaluation by Helmut Krawinkler and G.D.P.K. Seneviratna.
2. Workshop on Retrofitting of Structures(2003),IIT ROORKEE :- Non-Linear static
analysis for seismic evaluation and retrofit of RC buildings by Shailesh Agarwal and
Ajay Chourasia.
3. CSI Reference Manual on SAP 2000 software.
4. Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures By Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikhande.
Compiled by Er.T.RangaRajan.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing
and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on
seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components.
The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be
based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will
provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover
predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Necessity of Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis (NLSA)
The existing building can become seismically deficient since seismic design code requirements are
constantly upgraded and advancement in engineering knowledge. Further, Indian buildings built over
past two decades are seismically deficient because of lack of awareness regarding seismic behaviour of
structures. The widespread damage especially to RC buildings during earthquakes exposed the
construction practices being adopted around the world, and generated a great demand for seismic
evaluation and retrofitting of existing building stocks.
What is Non-linear Static Push-over Analysis?
The pushover analysis of a structure is a static non-linear analysis under permanent vertical loads
and gradually increasing lateral loads. The equivalent static lateral loads approximately represent
earthquake induced forces. A plot of the total base shear versus top displacement in a structure is
obtained by this analysis that would indicate any premature failure or weakness. The analysis is
carried out upto failure, thus it enables determination of collapse load and ductility capacity. On
a building frame, and plastic rotation is monitored, and lateral inelastic forces versus
displacement response for the complete structure is analytically computed. This type of analysis
enables weakness in the structure to be identified. The decision to retrofit can be taken in such
studies.
The seismic design can be viewed as a two step process. The first, and usually most important
one, is the conception of an effective structural system that needs to be configured with due
regard to all important seismic performance objectives, ranging from serviceability
considerations. This step comprises the art of seismic engineering. The rules of thumb for the
strength and stiffness targets, based on fundamental knowledge of ground motion and elastic and
inelastic dynamic response characteristics, should suffice to configure and rough-size an
effective structural system.
Elaborate mathematical/physical models can only be built once a structural system has been
created. Such models are needed to evaluate seismic performance of an existing system and to
modify component behavior characteristics (strength, stiffness, deformation capacity) to better
suit the specified performance criteria.
The second step consists of the design process that involves demand/capacity evaluation at all
important capacity parameters, as well as the prediction of demands imposed by ground motions.
Suitable capacity parameters and their acceptable values, as well as suitable methods for demand
prediction will depend on the performance level to be evaluated.
The implementation of this solution requires the availability of as set of ground motion records
(each with three components) that account for the uncertainties and differences in severity,
frequency characteristics, and duration due rapture characteristics distances of the various faults
that may cause motions at the site. It requires further the capability to model adequately the
cyclic load-deformation characteristics of all important elements of the three dimensional soil
foundation structure system, and the availability of efficient tools to implement the solution
process within the time and financial constraints on an engineering problem.
Purpose of Non-linear Static Push-over Analysis?
The purpose of pushover analysis is to evaluate the expected performance of structural systems
by estimating performance of a structural system by estimating its strength and deformation
demands in design earthquakes by means of static inelastic analysis, and comparing these
demands to available capacities at the performance levels of interest. The evaluation is based on
an assessment of important performance parameters, including global drift, interstory drift,
inelastic element deformations (either absolute or normalized with respect to a yield value),
deformations between elements, and element connection forces (for elements and connections
that cannot sustain inelastic deformations), The inelastic static pushover analysis can be viewed
as a method for predicting seismic force and deformation demands, which accounts in an
approximate manner for the redistribution of internal forces that no longer can be resisted within
the elastic range of structural behavior.
The pushover is expected to provide information on many response characteristics that cannot be
obtained from an elastic static or dynamic analysis. The following are the examples of such
response characteristics:
• The realistic force demands on potentially brittle elements, such as axial force
demands on columns, force demands on brace connections, moment demands on
beam to column connections, shear force demands in deep reinforced concrete
spandrel beams, shear force demands in unreinforced masonry wall piers, etc.
• Estimates of the deformations demands for elements that have to form
inelastically in order to dissipate the energy imparted to the structure.
• Consequences of the strength deterioration of individual elements on behavior
of structural system.
• Consequences of the strength detoriation of the individual elements on the
behaviour of the structural system.
• Identification of the critical regions in which the deformation demands are
expected to be high and that have to become the focus through detailing.
• Identification of the strength discontinuities in plan elevation that will lead to
changes in the dynamic characteristics in elastic range.
• Estimates of the interstory drifts that account for strength or stiffness
discontinuities and that may be used to control the damages and to evaluate P-
Delta effects.
• Verification of the completeness and adequacy of load path, considering all the
elements of the structural system, all the connections, the stiff nonstructural
elements of significant strength, and the foundation system.
The last item is the most relevant one as the analytical model incorporates all elements, whether
structural or non structural, that contribute significantly to the lateral load distribution. Load
transfer through across the connections through the ductile elements can be checked with
realistic forces; the effects of stiff partial-height infill walls on shear forces in columns can be
evaluated; and the maximum overturning moment in walls, which is often limited by the uplift
capacity of foundation elements can be estimated.
These benefits come at the cost of the additional analysis effort, associated with incorporating all
important elements, modeling their inelastic load-deformation characteristics, and executing
incremental inelastic analysis, preferably with three dimensional analytical models.
Target Displacement
The fundamental question in the execution of the pushover analysis is the magnitude of the target
displacement at which seismic performance evaluation of the structure is to be performed. The
target displacement serves as an estimate of the global displacement of the structure is expected
to experience in a design earthquake. It is the roof displacement at the center of mass of the
structure. In the pushover analysis it is assumed that the target displacement for the MDOF
structure can be estimated as the displacement demand for the corresponding equivalent SDOF
system transformed to the SDOF domain through the use of a shape factor. This assumption,
which is always an approximation, can only be accepted within limitations and only be accepted
within limitations and only if great care is taken in incorporating in the predicted SDOF
displacement demand all the important ground motion and structural response characteristics that
significantly affect the maximum displacement of the MDOF structure. Inherent in this approach
is the assumption that the maximum MDOF displacement is controlled by a single shape factor
without regards to higher mode effects.
Under the Non-linear Static Procedure, a model directly incorporating inelastic material response
is displaced to a target displacement, and resulting internal deformations and forces are
determined. The mathematical model of the building is subjected to monotonically increasing
lateral forces or displacements until either a target displacement is exceeded, or the building
collapses. The target displacement is intended to represent the maximum displacement likely to
be experienced during the design earthquake.
Adaptabitility of computer programs
It is well known fact the distribution of mass and rigidity is one of the major considerations in
the seismic design of moderate to high rise buildings. Invariably these factors introduce coupling
effects and non-linearities in the system, hence it is imperative to use non-linear static analysis
approach by using specialized programs viz.,
SAP2000,STAADPRO2005,ETABS,IDARC,NISA-CIVIL,etc., for cost-effective seismic
evaluation and retrofitting of buildings.
Non-Linear Static Analysis for Buildings
Seismic analysis of buildings can be categorized depending upon the sophistication of
modeling adopted for the analysis. Buildings loaded beyond the elastic range can be analyzed
using Non-Linear static analysis, but in this method one would not be able to capture the
dynamic response, especially the higher mode effects. This is pushover analysis. There is no
specific code for NLSA. This procedure leads to the capacity curve which can be compared with
design spectrum/DCR of members and one can determine whether the building is safe or needs
strengthening and its extent.
The capacity of structure is represented by pushover curve. The most convenient way to
plot he load deformation curve is by tracking the bas shear and the roof displacement. The
pushover procedure can be presented in various forms can be used in a variety of forms for the
use in a variety of methodologies. As the name implies it is a process of pushing horizontally,
with a prescribed loading pattern, incrementally, until the structure reaches the limit state. There
are several types of sophistication that can be used over for pushover curve analysis.
Level-1: It is generally used for single storey building, whereat a single
concentrated horizontal force equal to base shear applied at the top of the
structure and displacement is obtained.
Level-2: In this level, lateral force in proportion to storey mass is applied at
different floor levels in accordance with IS:1893-2002 (Part-I) procedure,
and story drift is obtained.
Level-3: In this method lateral force is applied in proportion to the product of
storey masses and first mode shape elastic model of the structure. The
pushover curve is constructed to represent the first mode response of
structure based on the assumption that the fundamental mode of vibration
is the predominant response of the structure. This procedure is valid for
tall buildings with fundamental period of vibration upto 1 sec.
Level-4: This procedure is applied to soft storey buildings, wherein lateral force in
proportion to product of storey masses and first mode of shape of elastic
model of the structure, until first yielding, the forces are adjusted with the
changing the deflected shape.
Level-5: This procedure is similar to level 3 and level 4 but the effect of higher
mode of vibration in determining yielding in individual structural element
are included while plotting the pushover curve for the building in terms of
the first mode lateral forces and displacements. The higher mode effects
can be determined by doing higher mode pushover analysis. For the higher
modes, structure is pushed and pulled concurrently to maintain the mode
shape.
Case Study of Non-Linear Static Analysis using SAP 2000
The recent advent of performance based design has brought the nonlinear static pushover
analysis procedure to the forefront. Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which
the magnitude of the structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain
predefined pattern. With the increase in the magnitude of the loading, weak links and failure
modes of the structure are found. The loading is monotonic with the effects of the cyclic
behavior and load reversals being estimated by using a modified monotonic force-deformation
criteria and with damping approximations. Static pushover analysis is an attempt by the
structural engineering profession to evaluate the real strength of the structure and it promises to
be a useful and effective tool for performance based design.
The ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents have developed modeling procedures, acceptance
criteria and analysis procedures for pushover analysis. These documents define force-
deformation criteria for hinges used in pushover analysis. As shown in Figure 1, five points
labeled A, B, C, D, and E are used to define the force deflection behavior of the hinge and three
points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance criteria for the hinge. (IO, LS and
CP stand for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention respectively.) The
values assigned to each of these points vary depending on the type of member as well as many
other parameters defined in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents.
This article presents the steps used in performing a pushover analysis of a simple three-
dimensional building. SAP2000, a state-of-the-art, general-purpose, three-dimensional structural
analysis program, is used as a tool for performing the pushover. The SAP2000 static pushover
analysis capabilities, which are fully integrated into the program, allow quick and easy
implementation of the pushover procedures prescribed in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273
documents for both two and three-dimensional buildings.
Deformation
The following steps are included in the pushover analysis. Steps 1 through 4 discuss creating the
computer model, step 5 runs the analysis, and steps 6 through 10 review the pushover analysis
results.
1. Create the basic computer model (without the pushover data) in the usual manner using the
graphical interface of SAP2000 makes this a quick and easy task.
2. Define properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges as shown in Figure.
3. The program includes several built-in default hinge properties that are based on average values
from ATC-40 for concrete members and average values from FEMA-273 for steel members.
These built in properties can be useful for preliminary analyses, but user-defined properties are
recommended for final analyses. This example uses default properties.
4. Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and
assigning them one or more hinge properties and hinge locations.
5. Define the pushover load cases. In SAP2000 more than one pushover load case can be run in
the same analysis. Also a pushover load case can start from the final conditions of another
pushover load case that was previously run in the same analysis.
Typically the first pushover load case is used to apply gravity load and then subsequent lateral
pushover load cases are specified to start from the final conditions of the gravity pushover.
Pushover load cases can be force controlled, that is, pushed to a certain defined force level, or
they can be displacement controlled, that is, pushed to a specified displacement.
Typically a gravity load pushover is force controlled and lateral pushovers are displacement
controlled. SAP2000 allows the distribution of lateral force used in the pushover to be based on a
uniform acceleration in a specified direction, a specified mode shape, or a user-defined static
load case. Here how the displacement controlled lateral pushover case that is based on a user-
defined static lateral load pattern named PUSH is defined for this example.
6. Run the basic static analysis and, if desired, dynamic analysis. Then run the static nonlinear
pushover analysis.
7. Display the pushover curve . The File menu shown in this display window allows you to view
and if desired, print to either a printer or an ASCII file, a table which gives the coordinates of
each step of the pushover curve and summarizes the number of hinges in each state as defined in
Figure 1 (for example, between IO and LS, or between D and E).
8. Display the capacity spectrum curve. Note that you can interactively modify the magnitude of
the earthquake and the damping information on this form and immediately see the new capacity
spectrum plot. The performance point for a given set of values is defined by the intersection of
the capacity curve (green) and the single demand spectrum curve (yellow). Also, the file menu in
this display allows you to print the coordinates of the capacity curve and the demand curve as
well as other information used to convert the pushover curve to Acceleration-Displacement
Response Spectrum format.
9. Review the pushover displaced shape and sequence of hinge formation on a step-by-step basis
. The arrows in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen allow you to move through the
pushover step-by- step. Hinges appear when they yield and are color coded based on their state
(see legend at bottom of screen).
10. Review member forces on a step-by-step basis . Often it is useful to view the model in two
side-by-side windows with the step-by-step displaced shape in one window and the step-by-step
member forces in the other. These windows can be synchronized to the same step, and can thus
greatly enhance the understanding of the pushover
results.
11. Output for the pushover analysis can be printed in a tabular form for the entire model or for
selected elements of the model. The types of output available in this form include joint
displacements at each step of the pushover, frame member forces at each step of the pushover,
and hinge force, displacement and state at each step of the pushover.
For buildings that are being rehabilitated it is easy to investigate the effect of different
strengthening schemes. The effect of added damping can be immediately seen on the capacity
spectrum form. You can easily stiffen or strengthen the building by changing member properties
and rerunning the analysis. Finally you can easily change the assumed detailing of the building
by modifying the hinge acceptance criteria and rerunning the analysis.
Limitations of Non-Linear Static Analysis
There are many unsolved issues that need to be addressed through more research and
development. Examples of the important issues that need to be investigated are:
1. Incorporation of torsional effects (due to mass, stiffness and strength irregularities).
2. 3-D problems (orthogonality effects, direction of loading, semi-rigid diaphragms, etc)
3. Use of site specific spectra.
4. Cumulative damage issues.
5. Most importantly, the consideration of higher mode effects once a local mechanism has
formed.
Since the pushover analysis is approximate in nature and is based on static loading, as such it
cannot represent dynamic phenomena with a large degree of accuracy. It may not detect some
important deformation modes that occur in a structure subjected to severe earthquakes, and it
may significantly from predictions based on invariant or adaptive static load patterns,
particularly if higher mode effects become important.
Conclusion & References
From the study of above model example discussed following conclusions can be obtained:
1. There are good reasons for advocating the use of the inelastic pushover analysis for
demand prediction, since in many cases it will provide much more relevant information
that an elastic static or even dynamic analysis, but it would be counterproductive to
advocate this method as a general solution technique for all cases;
2. The pushover analysis is a useful, but not in fallible, tool for accessing inelastic strength
and deformation demands and for exposing design weaknesses.
3. Its foremost advantage is that it encourages the design engineer to recognize important
seismic response quantities and to use sound judgment concerning the force and
deformation demands and capacities that control the seismic response close to failure, but
it needs to be recognized that in some cases it may be provide a false feeling of security if
its shortcomings and pitfalls are not recognized.
4. It must be emphasized that the pushover analysis is approximate in nature and is based on
static loading. As such it cannot represent dynamic phenomena with a large degree of
accuracy. It may not detect some important deformation modes that may occur in a
structure subjected to severe earthquakes, and it may exaggerate others. Inelastic dynamic
response may differ significantly from predictions based on invariant or adaptive static
load patterns, particularly if higher mode effects become important.
5. Thus performance of pushover analysis primarily depends upon choice of material
models included in the study.
REFERENCES
1. Engineering structures journal, Vol. 20,1998 :- Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of
seismic performance evaluation by Helmut Krawinkler and G.D.P.K. Seneviratna.
2. Workshop on Retrofitting of Structures(2003),IIT ROORKEE :- Non-Linear static
analysis for seismic evaluation and retrofit of RC buildings by Shailesh Agarwal and
Ajay Chourasia.
3. CSI Reference Manual on SAP 2000 software.
4. Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures By Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikhande.
Compiled by Er.T.RangaRajan.
